POWER SUPPLY

This article is about the common off-line switching power supplies used in desktop IBM PC compatible computers. There are many other kinds of computers with differing power supplies.

A computer power supply unit (Computer PSU), or Modular Power Supply Unit (MPS) is the component that supplies power to a computer. More specifically, a power supply is typically designed to convert 100-120 V (North America and Japan) or 220-240 V (Europe, Asia and Australia) AC power from the mains to usable low-voltage DC power for the internal components of the computer. Some power supplies have a switch to change between 230V and 115V. Other models have automatic sensors that switch input voltage automatically, or are able to accept any voltage between those limits.

The most common computer power supplies are built to conform with the ATX form factor. The most recent specification of the ATX standard is version 2.2, released in 2004. This enables different power supplies to be interchangeable with different components inside the computer. ATX power supplies also are designed to turn on and off using a signal from the motherboard (PS-ON wire), and provide support for modern functions such as the standby mode available in many computers.

Contents [hide] 1 Wattage 2 Appearance 2.1 External 2.2 Connectors 2.3 Internal 3 AT vs. ATX 4 Laptops 5 Energy efficiency 6 Small facts to consider 7 Wiring diagrams 8 False Advertising 9 Modular power supply 10 Troubleshooting 10.1 Capacitors 10.2 Noisy fan 11 See also 12 External links 12.1 Computer Power Supply Calculators

[edit] Wattage

POWER SUPPLY

A power supply (sometimes known as a power supply unit or PSU) is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

Contents [hide] 1 Electrical power supplies 1.1 Comput er power supply 1.2 Domestic mains adapter 1.2.1 Linear power supply 1.3 Power conversion 2 Mechanical power supplies 3 Terminology 4 References 5 See also

[edit] Electrical power supplies

This term covers the m

ains power distribution system together with any other primary or secondary sources of energy such as:

• Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and voltage. This typically involves c onverting 120 or 240 volt AC supplied by a utility company (see electricity generation) to a well-regulated lower voltage DC for electronic devices. For examples, see switched-mode power supply, linear regulator, rectifier and inverter (electrical).
• Batteries
• Chemical fuel cells and other forms of energy storage systems
• Solar power
• Generators or alternators (particularly useful in vehicles of all shapes and sizes, where the engine has rotational power to spare, or in semi-portable units containing an internal combustion engine and a generator) (For large-scale power supplies, see electricity generation.) Low voltage, low power DC power supply units are commonly integrated with the devices th ey supply, such as computers and household electronics.

Constraints that commonly affect power supplies are the amount of power they can supply, how long they can supply it for without needing some kind of refueling or recharging, how stable their output voltage

or current is under varying load conditions, and whether they provide continuous power or pulses.

The regulation of power supplies is done by incorporating circuitry to tightly control the output voltage and/or curren

t of the power supply to a specific value. The specific value is closely maintained despite variations in the load presented to the power supply's output, or any reasonable voltage variation at the power supply's input. This kind of regulation is commonly categorised as a Stabilized power supply.

[edit] Computer power supply

Main art icle: Computer power supply

A computer power supply typically is designed to convert 110-240 V AC power from the mains, to several low-voltage DC power outputs for the internal components of the computer. The most common computer power supplies are built to conform to the ATX form factor. The wattage rating of a PC power supply is not officially certified and is self-claimed by each manufacturer. The more reputable makers advertise "True Wattage Rated" to give consumers the idea that they can trust the

wattage advertised.

[edit] Domestic mains adapter

A linear or (rarely

) switched-mode power supply (or in some cases just a transformer) that is built into the top of a plug is known as a "wall wart", "power brick", "plug-in adapter", "adaptor block", "AC adaptor" or just "power adapter". They are even more diverse than their names; often with either the same kind of DC plug offering different voltage or polarity, or a different plug offering the same voltage. "Universal" adaptors attempt to replace missing or damaged ones, using multiple p

lugs and selectors for different voltages and polarities.

Because they consume Standby power, they are sometimes known as "electricity vampires" and may be plugged into a power strip to allow turning them off. Expensive switched-mode power supplies can cutoff leaky electrolyte-capacitors, use powerless MOSFETs, and reduce their working frequency to get a gulp of energy once in a while to power for example a clock, which would otherwise need a battery.

This type of power supply is popular among manufacturers of low cost electrical items because

1. Devices sold i n the global marketplace don't need to be individually configured for 120 volt or 230 volt operation. Just sold with the appropriate AC adapter.
2. The device itself doesn't need to be tested for compliance with electrical safety regulations. Only the adapter needs to be tested.

[edit] Linea

r power supply

A simple AC powered linear power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, usually a lower voltage. If it is used to produce DC a rectifier circuit is employed either as a single chip, an array of diodes sometimes called a diode bridge or Bridge Rectifier, both for fullwave rectification or a single diode yielding a half wave (pulsating) output. More elaborate configurations rectify the AC voltage at first to pulsating DC. Then a capacitor smooths out part of the pulses giving a type of DC voltage. The smaller pulses remaining are known as ripple. Because of a fullwave rectification they occur at twice the mains frequency (in USA it's 60 Hz doubled to 120 Hz - or the UK, it's 50Hz, doubled to 100Hz). Finally, depending on the requirements of the load, a linear regulator may be used to reduce the ripple sometimes also allowing for adjustment of the output to the desired but lower voltage. More elaborate versions used by circuit designers are adjustable up to 30 volts and up to 5 amperes output. These often employ current limiting. Some can be driven by an external signal, for example, for applications requiring a pulsed output.

In the simplest case a single diode is connected directly to the mains and uses a resistor in series with a more or less fixed load to recharge a battery. This circuit is common in rechargeable flashlights.

[edit] Power conversion

The term "power supply" is sometimes restricted to those devices that convert some other form of energy into electricity (such as solar power and fuel cells and generators). A more accurate term for devices that convert one form of electric power into another form (such as transformers and linear regulators) is power converter. The most common conversion is AC-DC. This is a conversion from the household current AC, to the DC current that is used in you Car, and most electronics. These power supplies often come in the 120V AC to the 12V DC specifications.